diff --git a/cursor.go b/cursor.go
index 592cf4c..28b6ceb 100644
--- a/cursor.go
+++ b/cursor.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type LogCursor struct {
 // index: 外部提供的索引管理器，用于快速定位记录
 func NewCursor(path string, index *RecordIndex) (*LogCursor, error) {
 	if index == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("index cannot be nil")
+		return nil, NewValidationError("index", "index cannot be nil", ErrNilParameter)
 	}
 
 	fd, err := os.Open(path)
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (c *LogCursor) Next() (*Record, error) {
 	// 读取并校验 UUID
 	copy(rec.UUID[:], hdr[8:24])
 	if _, err := uuid.FromBytes(rec.UUID[:]); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid uuid: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrInvalidUUID, err)
 	}
 
 	// 如果数据大于缓冲区，分配新的 buffer
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func (c *LogCursor) Next() (*Record, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if crc32.ChecksumIEEE(payload) != rec.CRC {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("crc mismatch")
+		return nil, ErrCRCMismatch
 	}
 	rec.Data = append([]byte(nil), payload...) // 复制出去，复用 buffer
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func (c *LogCursor) Next() (*Record, error) {
 // 返回：读取到的记录列表，如果到达文件末尾，返回的记录数可能少于 count
 func (c *LogCursor) NextRange(count int) ([]*Record, error) {
 	if count <= 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("count must be greater than 0")
+		return nil, NewValidationError("count", "count must be greater than 0", ErrInvalidCount)
 	}
 
 	results := make([]*Record, 0, count)
diff --git a/errors.go b/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a358f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package seqlog
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// 哨兵错误（Sentinel Errors）- 可以使用 errors.Is 进行判断
+var (
+	// ErrNilParameter 表示必需的参数为 nil
+	ErrNilParameter = errors.New("required parameter is nil")
+
+	// ErrInvalidCount 表示 count 参数必须大于 0
+	ErrInvalidCount = errors.New("count must be greater than 0")
+
+	// ErrInvalidRange 表示索引或范围参数无效
+	ErrInvalidRange = errors.New("invalid index or range")
+
+	// ErrAlreadyRunning 表示组件已经在运行
+	ErrAlreadyRunning = errors.New("already running")
+
+	// ErrNotRunning 表示组件未运行
+	ErrNotRunning = errors.New("not running")
+
+	// ErrAlreadyRegistered 表示资源已经注册
+	ErrAlreadyRegistered = errors.New("already registered")
+
+	// ErrNotFound 表示资源未找到
+	ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
+
+	// ErrCRCMismatch 表示 CRC 校验失败
+	ErrCRCMismatch = errors.New("crc mismatch")
+
+	// ErrInvalidUUID 表示 UUID 格式无效
+	ErrInvalidUUID = errors.New("invalid uuid")
+
+	// ErrInvalidConfig 表示配置无效
+	ErrInvalidConfig = errors.New("invalid config")
+)
+
+// TopicError 表示与 topic 相关的错误
+type TopicError struct {
+	Topic string // topic 名称
+	Op    string // 操作名称（如 "write", "query", "start"）
+	Err   error  // 底层错误
+}
+
+func (e *TopicError) Error() string {
+	if e.Err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("topic %s: %s: %v", e.Topic, e.Op, e.Err)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("topic %s: %s", e.Topic, e.Op)
+}
+
+func (e *TopicError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Err
+}
+
+// NewTopicError 创建一个 topic 相关的错误
+func NewTopicError(topic, op string, err error) *TopicError {
+	return &TopicError{
+		Topic: topic,
+		Op:    op,
+		Err:   err,
+	}
+}
+
+// FileError 表示文件操作相关的错误
+type FileError struct {
+	Path string // 文件路径
+	Op   string // 操作名称（如 "open", "read", "write"）
+	Err  error  // 底层错误
+}
+
+func (e *FileError) Error() string {
+	if e.Err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("file %s: %s: %v", e.Path, e.Op, e.Err)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("file %s: %s", e.Path, e.Op)
+}
+
+func (e *FileError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Err
+}
+
+// NewFileError 创建一个文件操作相关的错误
+func NewFileError(path, op string, err error) *FileError {
+	return &FileError{
+		Path: path,
+		Op:   op,
+		Err:  err,
+	}
+}
+
+// IndexError 表示索引相关的错误
+type IndexError struct {
+	Index int   // 请求的索引
+	Max   int   // 最大有效索引
+	Err   error // 底层错误（通常是 ErrInvalidRange）
+}
+
+func (e *IndexError) Error() string {
+	if e.Err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("index %d out of range [0, %d): %v", e.Index, e.Max, e.Err)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("index %d out of range [0, %d)", e.Index, e.Max)
+}
+
+func (e *IndexError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Err
+}
+
+// NewIndexError 创建一个索引越界错误
+func NewIndexError(index, max int) *IndexError {
+	return &IndexError{
+		Index: index,
+		Max:   max,
+		Err:   ErrInvalidRange,
+	}
+}
+
+// ValidationError 表示参数验证错误
+type ValidationError struct {
+	Field   string // 字段名称
+	Message string // 错误消息
+	Err     error  // 底层错误
+}
+
+func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
+	if e.Err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("validation error: %s: %s: %v", e.Field, e.Message, e.Err)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("validation error: %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
+}
+
+func (e *ValidationError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Err
+}
+
+// NewValidationError 创建一个参数验证错误
+func NewValidationError(field, message string, err error) *ValidationError {
+	return &ValidationError{
+		Field:   field,
+		Message: message,
+		Err:     err,
+	}
+}
+
+// IsTopicNotFound 检查错误是否为 topic 不存在
+func IsTopicNotFound(err error) bool {
+	var topicErr *TopicError
+	if errors.As(err, &topicErr) {
+		return errors.Is(topicErr.Err, ErrNotFound)
+	}
+	return errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound)
+}
+
+// IsIndexOutOfRange 检查错误是否为索引越界
+func IsIndexOutOfRange(err error) bool {
+	var indexErr *IndexError
+	return errors.As(err, &indexErr)
+}
+
+// IsCRCMismatch 检查错误是否为 CRC 校验失败
+func IsCRCMismatch(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, ErrCRCMismatch)
+}
diff --git a/errors_test.go b/errors_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ad16d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/errors_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package seqlog
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestErrorTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("TopicError", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := NewTopicError("app", "write", ErrNotFound)
+		if err.Error() != "topic app: write: not found" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected error message: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// 测试 Unwrap
+		if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
+			t.Error("expected ErrNotFound")
+		}
+
+		// 测试 errors.As
+		var topicErr *TopicError
+		if !errors.As(err, &topicErr) {
+			t.Error("expected TopicError")
+		}
+		if topicErr.Topic != "app" {
+			t.Errorf("expected topic 'app', got '%s'", topicErr.Topic)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FileError", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := NewFileError("/path/to/file", "open", errors.New("permission denied"))
+		if err.Error() != "file /path/to/file: open: permission denied" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected error message: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("IndexError", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := NewIndexError(100, 50)
+		if err.Error() != "index 100 out of range [0, 50): invalid index or range" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected error message: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// 测试 errors.Is
+		if !errors.Is(err, ErrInvalidRange) {
+			t.Error("expected ErrInvalidRange")
+		}
+
+		// 测试 IsIndexOutOfRange
+		if !IsIndexOutOfRange(err) {
+			t.Error("expected IsIndexOutOfRange to return true")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ValidationError", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := NewValidationError("count", "must be greater than 0", ErrInvalidCount)
+		if err.Error() != "validation error: count: must be greater than 0: count must be greater than 0" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected error message: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// 测试 errors.Is
+		if !errors.Is(err, ErrInvalidCount) {
+			t.Error("expected ErrInvalidCount")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("IsTopicNotFound", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := NewTopicError("app", "get", ErrNotFound)
+		if !IsTopicNotFound(err) {
+			t.Error("expected IsTopicNotFound to return true")
+		}
+
+		// 测试其他错误
+		if IsTopicNotFound(ErrInvalidCount) {
+			t.Error("expected IsTopicNotFound to return false for ErrInvalidCount")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("IsCRCMismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if !IsCRCMismatch(ErrCRCMismatch) {
+			t.Error("expected IsCRCMismatch to return true")
+		}
+
+		// 测试其他错误
+		if IsCRCMismatch(ErrNotFound) {
+			t.Error("expected IsCRCMismatch to return false for ErrNotFound")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("SentinelErrors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// 测试所有哨兵错误都不为 nil
+		sentinelErrors := []error{
+			ErrNilParameter,
+			ErrInvalidCount,
+			ErrInvalidRange,
+			ErrAlreadyRunning,
+			ErrNotRunning,
+			ErrAlreadyRegistered,
+			ErrNotFound,
+			ErrCRCMismatch,
+			ErrInvalidUUID,
+			ErrInvalidConfig,
+		}
+
+		for _, err := range sentinelErrors {
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Error("sentinel error should not be nil")
+			}
+			if err.Error() == "" {
+				t.Error("sentinel error should have a message")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/index.go b/index.go
index 72b938f..002296c 100644
--- a/index.go
+++ b/index.go
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func (ri *RecordIndex) Append(offset int64) error {
 // GetOffset 根据索引位置获取记录偏移
 func (ri *RecordIndex) GetOffset(index int) (int64, error) {
 	if index < 0 || index >= len(ri.offsets) {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("index out of range: %d (total: %d)", index, len(ri.offsets))
+		return 0, NewIndexError(index, len(ri.offsets))
 	}
 	return ri.offsets[index], nil
 }
diff --git a/query.go b/query.go
index 63bf440..f0a2ed3 100644
--- a/query.go
+++ b/query.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ type RecordQuery struct {
 // index 参数必须由外部提供，确保所有组件使用同一个索引实例
 func NewRecordQuery(logPath string, index *RecordIndex) (*RecordQuery, error) {
 	if index == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("index cannot be nil")
+		return nil, NewValidationError("index", "index cannot be nil", ErrNilParameter)
 	}
 
 	fd, err := os.Open(logPath)
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func (rq *RecordQuery) readRecordsForward(startIndex, count int) ([]*Record, err
 // 返回的记录按时间顺序（索引递增方向）
 func (rq *RecordQuery) QueryOldest(startIndex, count int) ([]*Record, error) {
 	if count <= 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("count must be greater than 0")
+		return nil, NewValidationError("count", "count must be greater than 0", ErrInvalidCount)
 	}
 
 	totalCount := rq.index.Count()
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func (rq *RecordQuery) QueryOldest(startIndex, count int) ([]*Record, error) {
 // 返回结果按时间倒序（最新在前，即 endIndex 对应的记录在最前）
 func (rq *RecordQuery) QueryNewest(endIndex, count int) ([]*Record, error) {
 	if count <= 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("count must be greater than 0")
+		return nil, NewValidationError("count", "count must be greater than 0", ErrInvalidCount)
 	}
 
 	totalCount := rq.index.Count()
diff --git a/seqlog_manager.go b/seqlog_manager.go
index 9f558c6..de5280a 100644
--- a/seqlog_manager.go
+++ b/seqlog_manager.go
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) RegisterHandlerWithConfig(topic string, config *TopicConfig) er
 		})
 	} else {
 		// Processor 已存在，handler 不可更新
-		return fmt.Errorf("handler already registered for topic %s", topic)
+		return NewTopicError(topic, "register", ErrAlreadyRegistered)
 	}
 
 	s.logger.Info("handler registered", "topic", topic)
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) Start() error {
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 
 	if s.running {
-		return fmt.Errorf("seqlog is already running")
+		return ErrAlreadyRunning
 	}
 
 	s.logger.Info("starting seqlog", "baseDir", s.baseDir, "processors", len(s.processors))
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) UpdateTopicConfig(topic string, config *TailConfig) error {
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !exists {
-		return fmt.Errorf("topic %s not found", topic)
+		return NewTopicError(topic, "operation", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	return processor.UpdateTailConfig(config)
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) GetTopicConfig(topic string) (*TailConfig, error) {
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !exists {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("topic %s not found", topic)
+		return nil, NewTopicError(topic, "get", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	return processor.GetTailConfig(), nil
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) GetTopicStats(topic string) (Stats, error) {
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !exists {
-		return Stats{}, fmt.Errorf("topic %s not found", topic)
+		return Stats{}, NewTopicError(topic, "get-stats", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	return processor.GetStats(), nil
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) NewTopicQuery(topic string) (*RecordQuery, error) {
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !exists {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("topic %s not found", topic)
+		return nil, NewTopicError(topic, "get", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	return processor.Query(), nil
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) GetProcessor(topic string) (*TopicProcessor, error) {
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !exists {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("topic %s not found", topic)
+		return nil, NewTopicError(topic, "get", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	return processor, nil
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ func (s *Seqlog) ResetTopic(topic string) error {
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !exists {
-		return fmt.Errorf("topic %s not found", topic)
+		return NewTopicError(topic, "operation", ErrNotFound)
 	}
 
 	// 先停止 processor
diff --git a/topic_processor.go b/topic_processor.go
index 852dd56..be3f83b 100644
--- a/topic_processor.go
+++ b/topic_processor.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ type TopicConfig struct {
 func NewTopicProcessor(baseDir, topic string, logger *slog.Logger, config *TopicConfig) (*TopicProcessor, error) {
 	// 验证必填参数
 	if config == nil || config.Handler == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config and config.Handler are required")
+		return nil, NewValidationError("config", "config and config.Handler are required", ErrInvalidConfig)
 	}
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ func (tp *TopicProcessor) Start() error {
 	defer tp.mu.Unlock()
 
 	if tp.running {
-		return fmt.Errorf("topic processor for %s is already running", tp.topic)
+		return NewTopicError(tp.topic, "start", ErrAlreadyRunning)
 	}
 
 	tp.logger.Debug("starting processor")